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Physical Model

Train Dynamics

\[M \frac{dv}{dt} = F_{traction} - F_{resistance} - Mg \sin(\alpha)\]

Resistive Forces

\[F_{resistive} = A + Bv + Cv^2\]

Electrical Power

\[P_{electrical} = \begin{cases} \frac{P_{mechanical}}{\eta} & \text{if traction} \\ P_{mechanical} \cdot \eta & \text{if braking} \end{cases}\]

Electrical Network

Using Thévenin equivalent:

\[V_{train}^2 - V_{sst} V_{train} + R_{eq} P = 0\]